1//===-- SystemZLongBranch.cpp - Branch lengthening for SystemZ ------------===//
2//
3// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
4// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
5// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
6//
7//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
8//
9// This pass makes sure that all branches are in range. There are several ways
10// in which this could be done. One aggressive approach is to assume that all
11// branches are in range and successively replace those that turn out not
12// to be in range with a longer form (branch relaxation). A simple
13// implementation is to continually walk through the function relaxing
14// branches until no more changes are needed and a fixed point is reached.
15// However, in the pathological worst case, this implementation is
16// quadratic in the number of blocks; relaxing branch N can make branch N-1
17// go out of range, which in turn can make branch N-2 go out of range,
18// and so on.
19//
20// An alternative approach is to assume that all branches must be
21// converted to their long forms, then reinstate the short forms of
22// branches that, even under this pessimistic assumption, turn out to be
23// in range (branch shortening). This too can be implemented as a function
24// walk that is repeated until a fixed point is reached. In general,
25// the result of shortening is not as good as that of relaxation, and
26// shortening is also quadratic in the worst case; shortening branch N
27// can bring branch N-1 in range of the short form, which in turn can do
28// the same for branch N-2, and so on. The main advantage of shortening
29// is that each walk through the function produces valid code, so it is
30// possible to stop at any point after the first walk. The quadraticness
31// could therefore be handled with a maximum pass count, although the
32// question then becomes: what maximum count should be used?
33//
34// On SystemZ, long branches are only needed for functions bigger than 64k,
35// which are relatively rare to begin with, and the long branch sequences
36// are actually relatively cheap. It therefore doesn't seem worth spending
37// much compilation time on the problem. Instead, the approach we take is:
38//
39// (1) Work out the address that each block would have if no branches
40// need relaxing. Exit the pass early if all branches are in range
41// according to this assumption.
42//
43// (2) Work out the address that each block would have if all branches
44// need relaxing.
45//
46// (3) Walk through the block calculating the final address of each instruction
47// and relaxing those that need to be relaxed. For backward branches,
48// this check uses the final address of the target block, as calculated
49// earlier in the walk. For forward branches, this check uses the
50// address of the target block that was calculated in (2). Both checks
51// give a conservatively-correct range.
52//
53//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
54
55#include "SystemZ.h"
56#include "SystemZInstrInfo.h"
57#include "SystemZTargetMachine.h"
58#include "llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h"
59#include "llvm/ADT/Statistic.h"
60#include "llvm/ADT/StringRef.h"
61#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineBasicBlock.h"
62#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineFunction.h"
63#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineFunctionPass.h"
64#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineInstr.h"
65#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineInstrBuilder.h"
66#include "llvm/IR/DebugLoc.h"
67#include "llvm/Support/ErrorHandling.h"
68#include <cassert>
69#include <cstdint>
70
71using namespace llvm;
72
73#define DEBUG_TYPE "systemz-long-branch"
74
75STATISTIC(LongBranches, "Number of long branches.");
76
77namespace {
78
79// Represents positional information about a basic block.
80struct MBBInfo {
81 // The address that we currently assume the block has.
82 uint64_t Address = 0;
83
84 // The size of the block in bytes, excluding terminators.
85 // This value never changes.
86 uint64_t Size = 0;
87
88 // The minimum alignment of the block.
89 // This value never changes.
90 Align Alignment;
91
92 // The number of terminators in this block. This value never changes.
93 unsigned NumTerminators = 0;
94
95 MBBInfo() = default;
96};
97
98// Represents the state of a block terminator.
99struct TerminatorInfo {
100 // If this terminator is a relaxable branch, this points to the branch
101 // instruction, otherwise it is null.
102 MachineInstr *Branch = nullptr;
103
104 // The address that we currently assume the terminator has.
105 uint64_t Address = 0;
106
107 // The current size of the terminator in bytes.
108 uint64_t Size = 0;
109
110 // If Branch is nonnull, this is the number of the target block,
111 // otherwise it is unused.
112 unsigned TargetBlock = 0;
113
114 // If Branch is nonnull, this is the length of the longest relaxed form,
115 // otherwise it is zero.
116 unsigned ExtraRelaxSize = 0;
117
118 TerminatorInfo() = default;
119};
120
121// Used to keep track of the current position while iterating over the blocks.
122struct BlockPosition {
123 // The address that we assume this position has.
124 uint64_t Address = 0;
125
126 // The number of low bits in Address that are known to be the same
127 // as the runtime address.
128 unsigned KnownBits;
129
130 BlockPosition(unsigned InitialLogAlignment)
131 : KnownBits(InitialLogAlignment) {}
132};
133
134class SystemZLongBranch : public MachineFunctionPass {
135public:
136 static char ID;
137
138 SystemZLongBranch() : MachineFunctionPass(ID) {
139 initializeSystemZLongBranchPass(*PassRegistry::getPassRegistry());
140 }
141
142 bool runOnMachineFunction(MachineFunction &F) override;
143
144 MachineFunctionProperties getRequiredProperties() const override {
145 return MachineFunctionProperties().set(
146 MachineFunctionProperties::Property::NoVRegs);
147 }
148
149private:
150 void skipNonTerminators(BlockPosition &Position, MBBInfo &Block);
151 void skipTerminator(BlockPosition &Position, TerminatorInfo &Terminator,
152 bool AssumeRelaxed);
153 TerminatorInfo describeTerminator(MachineInstr &MI);
154 uint64_t initMBBInfo();
155 bool mustRelaxBranch(const TerminatorInfo &Terminator, uint64_t Address);
156 bool mustRelaxABranch();
157 void setWorstCaseAddresses();
158 void splitBranchOnCount(MachineInstr *MI, unsigned AddOpcode);
159 void splitCompareBranch(MachineInstr *MI, unsigned CompareOpcode);
160 void relaxBranch(TerminatorInfo &Terminator);
161 void relaxBranches();
162
163 const SystemZInstrInfo *TII = nullptr;
164 MachineFunction *MF = nullptr;
165 SmallVector<MBBInfo, 16> MBBs;
166 SmallVector<TerminatorInfo, 16> Terminators;
167};
168
169char SystemZLongBranch::ID = 0;
170
171const uint64_t MaxBackwardRange = 0x10000;
172const uint64_t MaxForwardRange = 0xfffe;
173
174} // end anonymous namespace
175
176INITIALIZE_PASS(SystemZLongBranch, DEBUG_TYPE, "SystemZ Long Branch", false,
177 false)
178
179// Position describes the state immediately before Block. Update Block
180// accordingly and move Position to the end of the block's non-terminator
181// instructions.
182void SystemZLongBranch::skipNonTerminators(BlockPosition &Position,
183 MBBInfo &Block) {
184 if (Log2(A: Block.Alignment) > Position.KnownBits) {
185 // When calculating the address of Block, we need to conservatively
186 // assume that Block had the worst possible misalignment.
187 Position.Address +=
188 (Block.Alignment.value() - (uint64_t(1) << Position.KnownBits));
189 Position.KnownBits = Log2(A: Block.Alignment);
190 }
191
192 // Align the addresses.
193 Position.Address = alignTo(Size: Position.Address, A: Block.Alignment);
194
195 // Record the block's position.
196 Block.Address = Position.Address;
197
198 // Move past the non-terminators in the block.
199 Position.Address += Block.Size;
200}
201
202// Position describes the state immediately before Terminator.
203// Update Terminator accordingly and move Position past it.
204// Assume that Terminator will be relaxed if AssumeRelaxed.
205void SystemZLongBranch::skipTerminator(BlockPosition &Position,
206 TerminatorInfo &Terminator,
207 bool AssumeRelaxed) {
208 Terminator.Address = Position.Address;
209 Position.Address += Terminator.Size;
210 if (AssumeRelaxed)
211 Position.Address += Terminator.ExtraRelaxSize;
212}
213
214static unsigned getInstSizeInBytes(const MachineInstr &MI,
215 const SystemZInstrInfo *TII) {
216 unsigned Size = TII->getInstSizeInBytes(MI);
217 assert((Size ||
218 // These do not have a size:
219 MI.isDebugOrPseudoInstr() || MI.isPosition() || MI.isKill() ||
220 MI.isImplicitDef() || MI.getOpcode() == TargetOpcode::MEMBARRIER ||
221 // These have a size that may be zero:
222 MI.isInlineAsm() || MI.getOpcode() == SystemZ::STACKMAP ||
223 MI.getOpcode() == SystemZ::PATCHPOINT) &&
224 "Missing size value for instruction.");
225 return Size;
226}
227
228// Return a description of terminator instruction MI.
229TerminatorInfo SystemZLongBranch::describeTerminator(MachineInstr &MI) {
230 TerminatorInfo Terminator;
231 Terminator.Size = getInstSizeInBytes(MI, TII);
232 if (MI.isConditionalBranch() || MI.isUnconditionalBranch()) {
233 switch (MI.getOpcode()) {
234 case SystemZ::J:
235 // Relaxes to JG, which is 2 bytes longer.
236 Terminator.ExtraRelaxSize = 2;
237 break;
238 case SystemZ::BRC:
239 // Relaxes to BRCL, which is 2 bytes longer.
240 Terminator.ExtraRelaxSize = 2;
241 break;
242 case SystemZ::BRCT:
243 case SystemZ::BRCTG:
244 // Relaxes to A(G)HI and BRCL, which is 6 bytes longer.
245 Terminator.ExtraRelaxSize = 6;
246 break;
247 case SystemZ::BRCTH:
248 // Never needs to be relaxed.
249 Terminator.ExtraRelaxSize = 0;
250 break;
251 case SystemZ::CRJ:
252 case SystemZ::CLRJ:
253 // Relaxes to a C(L)R/BRCL sequence, which is 2 bytes longer.
254 Terminator.ExtraRelaxSize = 2;
255 break;
256 case SystemZ::CGRJ:
257 case SystemZ::CLGRJ:
258 // Relaxes to a C(L)GR/BRCL sequence, which is 4 bytes longer.
259 Terminator.ExtraRelaxSize = 4;
260 break;
261 case SystemZ::CIJ:
262 case SystemZ::CGIJ:
263 // Relaxes to a C(G)HI/BRCL sequence, which is 4 bytes longer.
264 Terminator.ExtraRelaxSize = 4;
265 break;
266 case SystemZ::CLIJ:
267 case SystemZ::CLGIJ:
268 // Relaxes to a CL(G)FI/BRCL sequence, which is 6 bytes longer.
269 Terminator.ExtraRelaxSize = 6;
270 break;
271 default:
272 llvm_unreachable("Unrecognized branch instruction");
273 }
274 Terminator.Branch = &MI;
275 Terminator.TargetBlock =
276 TII->getBranchInfo(MI).getMBBTarget()->getNumber();
277 }
278 return Terminator;
279}
280
281// Fill MBBs and Terminators, setting the addresses on the assumption
282// that no branches need relaxation. Return the size of the function under
283// this assumption.
284uint64_t SystemZLongBranch::initMBBInfo() {
285 MF->RenumberBlocks();
286 unsigned NumBlocks = MF->size();
287
288 MBBs.clear();
289 MBBs.resize(N: NumBlocks);
290
291 Terminators.clear();
292 Terminators.reserve(N: NumBlocks);
293
294 BlockPosition Position(Log2(A: MF->getAlignment()));
295 for (unsigned I = 0; I < NumBlocks; ++I) {
296 MachineBasicBlock *MBB = MF->getBlockNumbered(N: I);
297 MBBInfo &Block = MBBs[I];
298
299 // Record the alignment, for quick access.
300 Block.Alignment = MBB->getAlignment();
301
302 // Calculate the size of the fixed part of the block.
303 MachineBasicBlock::iterator MI = MBB->begin();
304 MachineBasicBlock::iterator End = MBB->end();
305 while (MI != End && !MI->isTerminator()) {
306 Block.Size += getInstSizeInBytes(MI: *MI, TII);
307 ++MI;
308 }
309 skipNonTerminators(Position, Block);
310
311 // Add the terminators.
312 while (MI != End) {
313 if (!MI->isDebugInstr()) {
314 assert(MI->isTerminator() && "Terminator followed by non-terminator");
315 Terminators.push_back(Elt: describeTerminator(MI&: *MI));
316 skipTerminator(Position, Terminator&: Terminators.back(), AssumeRelaxed: false);
317 ++Block.NumTerminators;
318 }
319 ++MI;
320 }
321 }
322
323 return Position.Address;
324}
325
326// Return true if, under current assumptions, Terminator would need to be
327// relaxed if it were placed at address Address.
328bool SystemZLongBranch::mustRelaxBranch(const TerminatorInfo &Terminator,
329 uint64_t Address) {
330 if (!Terminator.Branch || Terminator.ExtraRelaxSize == 0)
331 return false;
332
333 const MBBInfo &Target = MBBs[Terminator.TargetBlock];
334 if (Address >= Target.Address) {
335 if (Address - Target.Address <= MaxBackwardRange)
336 return false;
337 } else {
338 if (Target.Address - Address <= MaxForwardRange)
339 return false;
340 }
341
342 return true;
343}
344
345// Return true if, under current assumptions, any terminator needs
346// to be relaxed.
347bool SystemZLongBranch::mustRelaxABranch() {
348 for (auto &Terminator : Terminators)
349 if (mustRelaxBranch(Terminator, Address: Terminator.Address))
350 return true;
351 return false;
352}
353
354// Set the address of each block on the assumption that all branches
355// must be long.
356void SystemZLongBranch::setWorstCaseAddresses() {
357 SmallVector<TerminatorInfo, 16>::iterator TI = Terminators.begin();
358 BlockPosition Position(Log2(A: MF->getAlignment()));
359 for (auto &Block : MBBs) {
360 skipNonTerminators(Position, Block);
361 for (unsigned BTI = 0, BTE = Block.NumTerminators; BTI != BTE; ++BTI) {
362 skipTerminator(Position, Terminator&: *TI, AssumeRelaxed: true);
363 ++TI;
364 }
365 }
366}
367
368// Split BRANCH ON COUNT MI into the addition given by AddOpcode followed
369// by a BRCL on the result.
370void SystemZLongBranch::splitBranchOnCount(MachineInstr *MI,
371 unsigned AddOpcode) {
372 MachineBasicBlock *MBB = MI->getParent();
373 DebugLoc DL = MI->getDebugLoc();
374 BuildMI(BB&: *MBB, I: MI, MIMD: DL, MCID: TII->get(Opcode: AddOpcode))
375 .add(MO: MI->getOperand(i: 0))
376 .add(MO: MI->getOperand(i: 1))
377 .addImm(Val: -1);
378 MachineInstr *BRCL = BuildMI(BB&: *MBB, I: MI, MIMD: DL, MCID: TII->get(Opcode: SystemZ::BRCL))
379 .addImm(Val: SystemZ::CCMASK_ICMP)
380 .addImm(Val: SystemZ::CCMASK_CMP_NE)
381 .add(MO: MI->getOperand(i: 2));
382 // The implicit use of CC is a killing use.
383 BRCL->addRegisterKilled(IncomingReg: SystemZ::CC, RegInfo: &TII->getRegisterInfo());
384 MI->eraseFromParent();
385}
386
387// Split MI into the comparison given by CompareOpcode followed
388// a BRCL on the result.
389void SystemZLongBranch::splitCompareBranch(MachineInstr *MI,
390 unsigned CompareOpcode) {
391 MachineBasicBlock *MBB = MI->getParent();
392 DebugLoc DL = MI->getDebugLoc();
393 BuildMI(BB&: *MBB, I: MI, MIMD: DL, MCID: TII->get(Opcode: CompareOpcode))
394 .add(MO: MI->getOperand(i: 0))
395 .add(MO: MI->getOperand(i: 1));
396 MachineInstr *BRCL = BuildMI(BB&: *MBB, I: MI, MIMD: DL, MCID: TII->get(Opcode: SystemZ::BRCL))
397 .addImm(Val: SystemZ::CCMASK_ICMP)
398 .add(MO: MI->getOperand(i: 2))
399 .add(MO: MI->getOperand(i: 3));
400 // The implicit use of CC is a killing use.
401 BRCL->addRegisterKilled(IncomingReg: SystemZ::CC, RegInfo: &TII->getRegisterInfo());
402 MI->eraseFromParent();
403}
404
405// Relax the branch described by Terminator.
406void SystemZLongBranch::relaxBranch(TerminatorInfo &Terminator) {
407 MachineInstr *Branch = Terminator.Branch;
408 switch (Branch->getOpcode()) {
409 case SystemZ::J:
410 Branch->setDesc(TII->get(Opcode: SystemZ::JG));
411 break;
412 case SystemZ::BRC:
413 Branch->setDesc(TII->get(Opcode: SystemZ::BRCL));
414 break;
415 case SystemZ::BRCT:
416 splitBranchOnCount(MI: Branch, AddOpcode: SystemZ::AHI);
417 break;
418 case SystemZ::BRCTG:
419 splitBranchOnCount(MI: Branch, AddOpcode: SystemZ::AGHI);
420 break;
421 case SystemZ::CRJ:
422 splitCompareBranch(MI: Branch, CompareOpcode: SystemZ::CR);
423 break;
424 case SystemZ::CGRJ:
425 splitCompareBranch(MI: Branch, CompareOpcode: SystemZ::CGR);
426 break;
427 case SystemZ::CIJ:
428 splitCompareBranch(MI: Branch, CompareOpcode: SystemZ::CHI);
429 break;
430 case SystemZ::CGIJ:
431 splitCompareBranch(MI: Branch, CompareOpcode: SystemZ::CGHI);
432 break;
433 case SystemZ::CLRJ:
434 splitCompareBranch(MI: Branch, CompareOpcode: SystemZ::CLR);
435 break;
436 case SystemZ::CLGRJ:
437 splitCompareBranch(MI: Branch, CompareOpcode: SystemZ::CLGR);
438 break;
439 case SystemZ::CLIJ:
440 splitCompareBranch(MI: Branch, CompareOpcode: SystemZ::CLFI);
441 break;
442 case SystemZ::CLGIJ:
443 splitCompareBranch(MI: Branch, CompareOpcode: SystemZ::CLGFI);
444 break;
445 default:
446 llvm_unreachable("Unrecognized branch");
447 }
448
449 Terminator.Size += Terminator.ExtraRelaxSize;
450 Terminator.ExtraRelaxSize = 0;
451 Terminator.Branch = nullptr;
452
453 ++LongBranches;
454}
455
456// Run a shortening pass and relax any branches that need to be relaxed.
457void SystemZLongBranch::relaxBranches() {
458 SmallVector<TerminatorInfo, 16>::iterator TI = Terminators.begin();
459 BlockPosition Position(Log2(A: MF->getAlignment()));
460 for (auto &Block : MBBs) {
461 skipNonTerminators(Position, Block);
462 for (unsigned BTI = 0, BTE = Block.NumTerminators; BTI != BTE; ++BTI) {
463 assert(Position.Address <= TI->Address &&
464 "Addresses shouldn't go forwards");
465 if (mustRelaxBranch(Terminator: *TI, Address: Position.Address))
466 relaxBranch(Terminator&: *TI);
467 skipTerminator(Position, Terminator&: *TI, AssumeRelaxed: false);
468 ++TI;
469 }
470 }
471}
472
473bool SystemZLongBranch::runOnMachineFunction(MachineFunction &F) {
474 TII = static_cast<const SystemZInstrInfo *>(F.getSubtarget().getInstrInfo());
475 MF = &F;
476 uint64_t Size = initMBBInfo();
477 if (Size <= MaxForwardRange || !mustRelaxABranch())
478 return false;
479
480 setWorstCaseAddresses();
481 relaxBranches();
482 return true;
483}
484
485FunctionPass *llvm::createSystemZLongBranchPass(SystemZTargetMachine &TM) {
486 return new SystemZLongBranch();
487}
488